Folliderms Strategy Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1764 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? 1a) Breaking the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perceptual threshold Follidermà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy of placing the ad on the doors of the elevator is very effective in attracting the attention of consumers. Consumers will see this ad when they take the elevator. And sine there are thousands of ads everywhere, this strategy is effective to minimize screening out. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Folliderms Strategy Assignment" essay for you Create order Thus, countering consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ selective attention. Furthermore, when the elevator doors open, the 2nd part of this implicit ad is revealed to consumers after building up the curiosity of the consumer with the picture when the doors are closed. This allows the consumer to better retain this new information, overcoming selective retention. By using a before-after imagery strategy, Follidermà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ad targets consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ selective distortion. Some target audiences (e.g. Younger people with healthy hair) may not be bothered with Follidermà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ad, as they believe that that they do not need nutritional support for hair and may not believe that this product works. The ad is trying to influence audienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interpretation after capturing their attention. They are trying to suggest that even if you have healthy hair, you might lose your hair anytime (i.e. when the doors are closed, then opened when the elevator arr ives). However, this ad might be ineffective in a few situations and will be unable to break consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perceptual threshold. They might not even be able to give their audiences the information intended. Firstly, if audiences are not motivated, they might not try to fulfil any curiosity of the picture on the close doors. Hence, missing out a huge chunk of information of this ad. Secondly, if the lifts are filled with people, audiences might miss out the 2nd part of the ad (picture of bald head of the inner walls). Thirdly, this also happens if the audience just walks pass the elevators with doors closed, and not even understand the message that the ad is trying to convey. Lastly, the audience may be unable to draw the right conclusion to this implicit ad. Thus, causing the ineffectiveness of breaking perceptual threshold. 1b) Persuading consumers to consider buying the product Assuming that the ad can first capture the attention of the consumer, it also use s strategies to persuade consumers. Firstly, it tries to trigger consumers need recognition (or problem recognition). Using the ad as an external stimuli, Folliderm wants to gets consumers thinking about the possibility of hair loss. In other words, they are trying to induce the fear of hair loss upon consumers. Consumers will be likely to be interested and thus, there will be an increase in tendency to buy Folliderm. However, Follidermà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ad might be ineffective in persuading consumers in the phase of information search in the buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision process. The ad lacks information of the product so consumers may not know what the product is about. (I.e. consumers may assume that this ad is about a service that helps in hair growth, instead of a nutritional hair strength supporting product.) This lack of information is ineffective in persuading consumers to buy the product, as some consumers may not search for more information (E.g. Those that lack dr ive and motivation to further understand this product.). However, due to the effectiveness in breaking consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perceptual threshold, the information retention of Folliderm might be sufficient to induce an anchoring effect in consumers. Hence, when they would actually need this type of product (I.e. when they or the people around them experience hair loss), there will be a higher tendency for them to purchase or search for more information on Folliderm. 2a) Swatchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market segmentation Swatch is a subsidiary of the Swatch Group, which has an array of products ranging from watches and jewellery to electronic systems and production that targeting a wide audience. Being the global leader of the watch industry, the Swatch Group has 19 brands of watches that addresses all market segments. Swatch is targeting the basic range of the market segments, whereas other brands like Omega and Calvin Klein targets the luxury and middle range respectively . Swatchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s geographic segmentation is the global market and its watches are available worldwide. In its demographic segmentation, swatch can be seen having a larger segment in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“youngerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and more active group (i.e. 18-25, students or the working class, or the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“young at heartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). Productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ designs are seen to more chic and fashionable. Next, for swatchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s psychographic segmentation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they have products that cater to two more prominent groups. I.e. The sports and adventure market and the trendy and artistic market. They offer a number of sports watches and also designer watches that even come in seasonal designs. Swatchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviouristic segmentation, which is suggested by consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ response to its products, is segmented to people who appreciate the watch for being affordable and sturdy, yet attractive and innovative in design. It can also be part of a collection. 2b) Pepsià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market segmentation Pepsià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s demographic segmentation targets young people and teenagers in urbanized areas globally (geographic), with disposable income and can afford Pepsi drinks. Psychographic-wise, Pepsi targets trendy, fashionable and adventurous youths. Pepsià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviouristic segmentation is toward those who seek status symbols and style. These can be illustrated by the ads and ambassadors Pepsi use. I.e. Trendy and popular superstars like Britney Spears and Michael Jackson. They are trying to influence consumers and create peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need of Pepsi to quench their thirst of ego. Pepsi targets parties and special occasions and also try to suggest that they are the preferred choice when there is a need for cola drinks. 3) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Unmasking the Chinese Consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The article is discussing about how companies should ad apt to the Chinese consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ buying behaviour by customizing marketing strategies to their culture to ensure successful marketing. That will lead to profitable returns in the Chinese market. Addressed are misperceptions of the Chinese culture and mistakes that companies should not make if they want to optimize their marketing strength on the Chinese market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“China is changing, but the prospect of a fundamental cultural shift is well off the mark,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  says Doctoroff during the talk. Companies should keep this as a keynote while deciding and planning on business/marketing strategies. This is important in the marketing segmentation process of a product by any company. For example, in the behaviouristic segmentation of the product, people crave for products that can be symbols of status. As mentioned by Doctoroff, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is conspicuous consumption. It is about now, it is about me and it is about status.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Havely, 2 012) However, even as the Chinese culture is evolving, certain values that concern being conservative and having a sense of security is still deep ingrained. Thus, companies have to create different strategies for different products. In China, the shopping and specialty types of consumer products are very much capitalized by global and foreign businesses. By targeting the wants of the Chinese consumer, which are products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“projecting status and deriving societal recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , companies are able to charge a premium price for their products. Hence, that might lead to larger profit margins. (Havely, 2012) However, companies must be cautious not to localise their products too much in their marketing strategies. This is because consumers view these products as luxury goods and they will not want to be purchasing a product that is very similar to Chinese products but at a much higher price. Next, Doctoroff also mentions that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In China benef its are never internalized and instead paying for brands is seen an investment in future advancement.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Havely, 2012) Thus, in order to have higher brand equity and a competitive edge against competitors, companies have to brand their products such that consumers are able to see the practicality of the products in the advancement and growth in some parts of their lives (e.g. the careers of the consumers). Ultimately, enhancing the Chinese consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pride and satisfaction, which will also develop their brand loyalty. Doctoroff also mentions, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Chinese consumers look to both project status à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" or face while also protecting and saving their wealth.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Companies need to understand this need of the consumer and adjust their products and services in order to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reassure on both a functional level and a societal level.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Havely, 2012) Companies have to target the consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ ž ¢ core customer value in order to be successful. I.e. In China, companies should shape their brand that when consumers own and use their brand, they have increased à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“statusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“securityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“potential gainsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  values. Sadly, local China products may lose out to their foreign a.k.a. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“globalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  competitors in terms of competitive advantage just because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“globalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  products tend to be related to as higher valued status symbols. This is what foreign business can capitalize on in China and thus, lead to greater market share and revenue. However, local China products have some competitive edge they can capitalize on in order to protect and increase their market share as well. For example, they have a huge advantage in terms of local recognition and cost of production. Recently, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s television shows have become very popular in th e Chinese and Chinese-speaking markets. Businesses can utilise this trend to advertise and market their products. And since China is already a humongous and highly lucrative market just by itself, Chinese companies have the advantages to really compete and protect their market share. Thus, they have ability to limit the market shares of foreign/global companies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rather than expecting Chinese consumers to fit into established, Western-derived approaches to marketing, brands must learn to meet and adapt to Chinas worldview on its own terms.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Havely, 2012) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Many western marketing strategies fail in China simply because they do not understand the Chinese consumer. Young professionals in marketing need to experience China themselves and actively engage with their target audience starting with work, study abroad, language study, and internships in China. When designing a marketing campaign, the company will need to carefully consider their audience, keep any cultural particularities in mind, stay informed of current events affecting their consumers, and conduct thorough market research.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] Companies should also ensure that the 4Ps of marketing: product, price, place and promotion, fulfils the needs of the Chinese consumers. If they would want to succeed and gain market share in China, they have to firstly, take stride and have patience in learning and understanding the culture of the Chinese markets. Then, build more and higher quality interpersonal and formal relationships with their Chinese counterparts. And lastly, fully utilise and acquire valuable resources (i.e. human resources) to improve and optimise their business strategies. [1] https://www.internshipschina.com/community/chinainsights2/55-china-insights/634-why-western-marketing-strategies-fail-in-china#.VOyrbilLdeU

Spartacuss Heroism in Ancient Romes Third Slave War Essay

Is there anything in this world that justifies the death of thousands upon thousands of people? Many people believe there is always an alternative to war, always another way to settle an issue. But, most of these people are free people that live in a free country with a free lifestyle. What if someone has never been blessed with freedom? Or in the case of many Roman slaves, what if someone has felt what it is like to be free, then had their freedom snatched right out from underneath them? Would action be justified then? The slaves of ancient Rome thought so, as have many other peoples who have been repressed around the world. Throughout the course of history many wars have been fought and many lives taken in pursuit of freedom.†¦show more content†¦Seventy-two of them made good their escape, grabbing kitchen knives and cooking skewers on their way out (Shaw 131). Over a three year period these seventy-two gladiators led by Spartacus would, against all odds, reach in excess of seventy thousand men and reek havoc on multiple Roman armies. None of this could have been accomplished without the courageous, tactical leadership of Spartacus. Spartacus was a skilled and courageous warrior whose leadership single handedly won battle after battle for the slaves against the Romans. Spartacus not only possessed great spirit and bodily strength, but he was more intelligent and nobler than his fate (Shaw 132). A spirited, strong, intelligent, and noble man, Spartacus outwitted the brilliant Roman generals sent to crush his rebellion many times. For example, Spartacus and his army were trapped on the peninsula of Rhegium facing a heavily fortified wall and a fifteen foot deep trench built by Crassus in hopes of containing the rebels. Though there seemed to be no way out, Spartacus was able to get across the trench that Crassus had excavated to hem him in by filling it during the night with bodies of prisoners and cattle that he had killed and by crossing over on top of them (Shaw 157). Or when he was besieged on Mount Vesuvius, this same

Why I Want to Do Medicine Free Essays

I have not had a member of my family dramatically saved by a revolutionary surgeon. I have not been influenced at a young age by a caring GP. I have not dreamt of being a doctor for my entire life, nor played doctors and nurses as a child. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Want to Do Medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now These things often belong to television medical dramas, not real life. And real life is what I have experienced. I have seen friends and colleagues so tired from nights of endless study that they answer the ward phone â€Å"Countdown Dunedin, Patricia here† (their part time job from over ten years ago). I have seen them despair at not only not knowing what to do for their favourite patient, but not knowing what to do for the 15 other patients on their list for the day. Everyday I witness their frustration at not being able to either give their full attention to a patient, disappointment at not being able to convey the consequences of chronic medication non-compliance and the general day to day stresses of hospital life compounded with their medical inexperience. Yet I state – I want to be a doctor. Over the past five years I have been a clinical pharmacist. I am a good pharmacist – I have sound knowledge in pharmaceutics and pharmacology, I have had wonderful relationships with health professionals of all ages and specialties and I take pride in my work and ability to relate to patients. I have risen through staff structure to be a clinical and department team leader, as well as being an active member of various hospital and national health groups – roles I enjoy due to their pro-active healthcare approach. One part of my job involves teaching and working closely with medical staff. Some have said to me â€Å"I bet you hate having to lecture us about medicines all the time†, but what they don’t realise is that it’s often one of the best parts of my job. Through them I get to hear about the complications and the challenges that face them everyday and I love to hear their stories. At the moment I feel like I am close, but yet so far, to doing what I really love. Don’t get me wrong, pharmacy provides an invaluable service to patients as well as the healthcare team in total, and I am very proud to be a part of it. But when I’m constantly going the extra mile to find out more about a patient’s condition, the cause, the pathology, the presentation – things a pharmacist doesn’t necessarily need to know – I realise that this is really where my passion lies. The clues that blood results and other laboratory findings can give as well as the procedures and techniques that are used, continue to intrigue me. But most importantly, bringing all of these aspects together and having the knowledge, skill and belief that you can improve your patient’s well being for perhaps only a few days, is the most appealing part of medicine to me. I have had a taste of the satisfaction that can come from improving a patient’s condition in a few instances, and knowing that I had a part in it provided me with a â€Å"high† for days. When I think of what made it enjoyable, it wasn’t the medicine review or simply even the inclusion in the medical team. It was the amount I learnt, combined with the treatment process and responsibility of a decision and then the resulting gratitude from the patient and their family – all things that I will never forget. And while I know there will be many hard days ahead, the constant challenge and the feeling of fulfilment from the patients you may be able to make an impact on (or may make an impact on you) will be my driving force to continue to learn and relish coming back day after day. This is not a decision I have made lightly. The sensible and logical side of me knows that remaining a pharmacist will give me a comfortable life and that medical school is just the start of life-long study, late nights and daily second-guessing. But I also know that you can’t truly succeed in a position where you aren’t passionate about your work. Medicine is something I have been interested in for years and I have continued to seek more from it, despite initial setbacks and alternative career choices. I have experienced hospital life as well as the real world and have spoken with â€Å"mature† house surgeons who have been in a similar position to mine and who re-iterate the daily struggles mentioned. But they also state that they would do it all over again for the satisfaction they get from their job. I want that. And I believe I would do it well. How to cite Why I Want to Do Medicine, Papers

Samsung Galaxy S3 free essay sample

Samsung had became very known for their quality home appliances including television sets, but in 1983 they expanded to a new category which was Samsung mobile. Samsung mobile has been very successful and has recently managed to surpass Sony Ericsson and Motorola technology by creating a new and eye catching new phone, the Galaxy S3. Competitive Advantage The biggest competitor to Samsung’s new phone the Galaxy S3 is Apples Iphone. Apples Iphone and the Galaxy S3 primarily target the same group of demographics and psychographics; but a big advantage that the Galaxy S3 has is the fact that the Galaxy is more available worldwide. The Galaxy is available in 155 countries and on 327 carriers which is 36 percent more carries then the Iphone and 55 percent more countries. Analysis of Mission Statement Samsung’s mission statement states â€Å"To experience the joy of advancing and applying technology to the benefits of the public†. Although Samsung started as a very diverse business by selling fish and fruits its current mission statement tells us that their main goal for today is to provide the public with new quality technology that we could enjoy and also take advantage of to help us in our daily life. We will write a custom essay sample on Samsung Galaxy S3 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of Samsung’s slogans is â€Å"It takes a lot of things to be the next big thing which goes along with their mission statement and the idea of having good new technology that the public will enjoy. Samsung has many slogans that are some what of addition to there their mission statement for example their slogan â€Å"Economic contribution to the nation† ,†priority to human resources†, and â€Å"Pursuit of rationalism†. Each one of these slogans was made throughout different stages of Samsung’s growth and now seen as part of their story and journey into one of the leading electronic companies of the world. Market Environment Competition As mentioned before one of the Galaxy S3’s main competitor is the Iphone but along with the Iphone some other competitors are the LG Optimus G and the Nexus 4. All four of these phones have similar features, the LG Optimus, the Nexus, and the Galaxy all run on Android but even then the Galaxy has shown to be above them. Technology So as mentioned before the only one of phones that does not run on Android is the Iphone but still has similar features.

Health promotion free essay sample

What is health promotion and why is it important in our world today? I am sure it seems the answer is not very complicated: but is it as simple as promoting health? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), â€Å"Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health† (World, 2013). This is a change from the past in that healthcare providers are encouraging our patients to take control of their own health while guiding and educating them in the right direction. Health has been shown not to just be free from disease but also encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being (WHO 2013). The whole purpose of promoting individual health is to give the communities the ability to feel they have control over their health plan and help them to stay out of the hospitals, which is what they prefer. This takes cooperation by the patient and the healthcare provider. We will write a custom essay sample on Health promotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is imperative that a nurse stay up to date with a continuous changing healthcare pattern, since they have a big role in health promotion. A big part of health promotion is related to nurses educating the communities, especially since nurses are becoming more and more involved in the communities. As time advances, researchers are predicting nurses will move more out of the hospital and into the communities. Now, more than ever, nurses are challenged to improve patient outcomes by assessing and creating education plans that will increase the patient’s awareness and understanding of their disease process and management. After very thorough assessments and the need for education is completed, nurses must create a plan for implementing a strategy to reach the audience targeted. It states in the article Public Health Nutrition: Focus on Prevention, the three different levels of implementation methods utilized today. The first method is individually focused and promotes health outcomes through educating, changes to a healthy lifestyle, and individual behaviors. The types of interventions are carried out through one-on-one educational discussions and telephone conversations. The next implementation tier is more community-focused. These interventions put the spotlight on the needs of the community, as an example, such as public posters or classes to promote diet modification. The last method to be identified in the article include system-focused interventions. These interventions shift the focus from the individual to the facilities that serve individuals and the laws and policies surrounding the facility. For example, improvements in school lunches to make them healthier (University, 2012). If the healthcare providers can use the combination of the three methods listed above with the nursing process it can to improve outcomes of the patients and community in all areas of nursing. Health promotion is split by healthcare into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention’s main concept is to prevent the disease from occurring and keeping the public healthy. A couple of examples of how this is accomplished are through education, regular exams, and immunizations. A few years ago the Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners published an article, Reducing heart disease through the vegetarian diet using primary prevention, and it discusses how if a patient leads a vegan lifestyle this could cut out a lot of the processed foods and help the patient to improve chronic heart conditions. If one is unsure exactly how to pursue a vegetarian diet having a consultation with a dietitian is an additional option. Next on the pyramid of health is secondary prevention. This layer of prevention focuses on after an injury or illness has been diagnosed. The goal is to prevent progression or slow down the disease. Using the example of heart disease above, if providers are teaching regarding secondary prevention it would include termination of smoking, diet and exercise, and keeping a healthy weight and blood pressure (Mosca, i. e. 2010). These goals are more patient specific than primary prevention. The last tier includes tertiary prevention which focuses on helping the public prevent a further decline in health while maximizing their quality of life after being diagnosed with a chronic condition. In a recent article, The Effects of Cardiac Tertiary Prevention Program after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery on Health and Quality of Life, it discusses cardiac rehabilitation as a possibility to fall into the tertiary level. This falls into the category in that it helps restore patient’s well-being while decreasing the suffering and complications. This does take even more participation and cooperation of the patient. In conclusion, there are many things healthcare providers can attempt to do in order to educate the public. However, utilizing the three tiers of health promotion (primary, secondary, tertiary) shows a well-organized technique that can break down different levels of health. Every patient falls into at least one category on the continuum, so this is also making it easier for the provider when educating in that they can customize the patient’s care plan in a more organized way. This includes utilizing the nursing process, critical thinking, and therapeutic communication allowing nurses to identify where the patient fits into the wellness continuum and helping them reach their highest level of wellbeing. Health Promotion free essay sample This essay will begin by discussing the different definitions of health that have been put forward, and will also discuss the necessity of health promoters to be able to understand why there are differing definitions of health and the importance of the difference in our understanding of what health means to the individual. There have been many definitions of health, which include phrases such as ‘absence of disease’, and ‘ability to cope’. The World Health Organisation (WHO) (1946) gave its definition of health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. However, it is very difficult to define health due to its complexity and broadness. Health and well-being can be described as the absence of physical illness, disease and mental distress. This is a negative definition of health and well-being, as it is impossible for a person to free from illness or disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Health and well-being can also be described as the achievement and maintenance of physical fitness and mental stability. This is a positive definition of health and well-being or health and well-being as being a result of a combination of physical, social, intellectual and emotional factors. Stimson and Webb (1975) carried out research which suggested that people have their own private comments on their own ill health, compared to what they chose to tell their doctors. The research indicated that people did not always believe or accept the medical explanation given for their illness. The study suggests people hold their own views and hold their own explanations for ill health. (Doyal. L. at el. (1991) A Theory of Human Need. London. Macmillan) Health promoters have to collect a significant amount of information before they can put out a campaign on a particular disease. They have to look at health models and their approaches and even statistical information from CENSUS reports, death certificates, survey’s, and even General Practitioner (GP) records and so on. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defined health promotion as ‘enabling people to gain control over their lives’ (WHO 1986). There are four approaches to take in to consideration before putting together a health promotion campaign, and they are: The medical approach: this focuses on activity which aims to reduce morbidity and premature morbidity. Activity is targeted towards whole populations of high-risk groups. This kind of health promotion seeks to increase medical interventions which will prevent ill health and premature death. The medical approach is conceptualised around the absence of disease. It does not seek to promote positive health, for example ‘Smoking advertisement’, smoking adverts only advertise damage the body will develop through regular inhalation of tobacco. This kind of promotion can be criticised for ignoring the social and environmental dimensions of health. In addition, the medical approach encourages dependency on medical knowledge and removes health decisions from people concerned. The medical approach also relies on having an infrastructure capable of delivering screening or an immunisation programme. This includes trained personnel, equipment, laboratory facilities, and information systems which determine who is eligible for the procedure and record uptake rates. And in the case of immunisation, a vaccine which is effective and safe. The educational approach: the purpose of this approach is to provide knowledge and information, and to develop the necessary skills so that people can make their own informed choice regarding their health behaviour. The educational approach should be distinguished from a behaviour change approach, and that it does not set out to persuade or motivate change in a particular direction. However, this will be the service user’s voluntary choice, and it may not be the one the health promoter would prefer. The educational approach is based on a set of assumptions about the relationship between knowledge and behaviour: that by increasing knowledge, there will be a change in attitudes which may lead to a change in behaviour towards a healthier lifestyle. To provide educational information to clients regarding health and well-being, provisions would have to be put in place, through the following resources: leaflets, booklets, visual displays or one-to-one advice with their own GP. By providing these sources this may provide opportunities for people to share and explore their own attitudes towards health education. Empowerment: This approach helps people to identify their own concerns and gain the skills and confidence and for the person to act upon them. Social change: this approach recognises the importance of social-economic environment’s in determining health. Its focus is at the policy or environmental level, and the aim is to bring about changes in the physical, social and economic environment which will have the effect of promoting health. This approach will also look at social class, the promoter will take in to consideration people’s gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, working, unemployed and so on. Basically the social approach will look at theories that are linked to social class and determine whether or not, that poverty and low social class are the reasons for high mortality rates linked to a specific disease. This is when the promoter will now go away and put together his/her campaign. The Acheson Report (1998) shows that there is an existence of health inequalities and their association to social class, in this report there is data, even though there is a down fall in mortality, the superior classes take in to account more rapid mortality deterioration. Also The Black Report (1980) shows that there are higher levels of poverty in the lower class and higher death rates due to ill health, the higher social class live in a more advanced area which is much more suitable for living conditions, but in contrast to that, people who live in a higher class seem to live in the centre of a city which is much more prone to pollution. LO2 Whether we come from poverty, working class or a higher class background, there are many health influences all around us, for example the environment we live in can influence our health; for instance, living with a partner who is controlling can impact on the stability of mental health, living in a city centre can influence poor health due to pollution (inhalation of fumes from motor vehicles and fuel plants). Although living in a higher class society can have a positive effect on better healthcare, there are still factors of negative influences on health and well-being. Smoking, eating the wrong types of food, lack of exercise, no socialisation, alcohol, misuse of drugs, all these things can have an enormous negative effect on our health and well-being. However eating the correct foods (5 ADAY) and consuming the correct portion size as well as combining at least 30 minutes of physical activity a day can have a great deal of positive’s upon our lifestyle. For instance exercise is good for the brain as well as the body. According to NHS Choices (2013) ‘by eating five portions of fruit or vegetables and just 30 minutes of activity a day, will increase the secretion of Serotonin within our brains’. Serotonin is a hormone found in the brain, it influences our mood, sexual function, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, and some social behaviour. So we could say the more Serotonin we produce the healthier the brain becomes, which results in a happier you. LO3 For the third and final part of this essay I am going to talk about the political side of health promotion within the UK and take a look across the globe at other parts of the world. Health Promotion is everywhere we look, especially in the media. We see it every day in the news whether it be on the television or in the newspapers. Health Promoters plan and develop ways to help people to change their eating and exercise habits to improve their way of life. There are lots of Health Promoters today that campaign against unhealthy living. Health Promoters give you guidance to a healthier lifestyle whether it is help with eating habits, smoking, alcohol intake, oral health, physical activity and mental health. Each and every one of us will indulge ourselves in to a habit and put ourselves at risk of chronic diseases at some point in our lives. According to Dr Robert Beaglehole (2011) â€Å"The real tragedy is that more hasn’t been done to avoid this epidemic, as overweight and obesity, and their related chronic diseases, are largely preventable†. Approximately 80% of heart disease, stroke, type 2 Diabetes, and 40% of cancer could be avoided through healthy diet, regular physical activity and avoidance of tobacco use. † This is why Health Promotional campaigns are important, as it gives us a better outlook on life and can also expand our lives too (Huffington Post) 2011. Health promotion is an important element of the governments health agenda. On forming a new government, the new labour set public health policies in line with its health agenda. Out of this rose a new white paper Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation, which sets ambitious targets for life expectancy to be increased, and inequalities in health to be reduced. The Labour Government plan to achieve this through its public health policy in a third way (Connelly 1999). ‘Labours policies are aimed at strengthening communities, and encouraging individuals to seize opportunities and take responsibility for their action’. The Government hopes to improve the health of individuals by reducing health inequalities through health promotion. By doing so the Government will look at a range of different sources of information before they decide the need of a health promotion campaign. The Government have their own facilities to obtain information such as up to date statistical evidence via the website www. direct. gov/statistics . They can also obtain information from Registry Offices, such as marriage certificates, death certificates and birth certificates. By doing so, the Government will acquire accurate results to continue lobbying the new health promotion campaign needed to address the UK to improve quality of life. Before the campaign can be given the go ahead to become a final document, the Government have to look for ethical errors. For instance is the health promotion campaign fair to all people who are involved, meaning, does the campaign aim its information at all service users or is it aimed at a particular generation, gender, culture and so on. For a health care promotion to be respected it has to be aimed at everyone regardless of the persons background. By involving all service users, promoters can eliminate discrimination and visually display that equality and diversity are no longer an issue within our society especially in the health care sector. Health Promotion free essay sample In this reflection essay I will discuss about health promotion activity which took place during my placement in St’Clare Centre, Glassnevin, Ballymun. Health promotion allows one to empower and educate individuals to make lifestyle choices and changes to promote their health and help prevent disease (Naidoo and Wills 2000). This can be challenging when individual health beliefs differ. According to Whitehead (2004) the concept changes with demands, it is delivered by health workers but has become politically driven as the nation’s health changes. As a consequence strategies for health promotion can be influenced by the financial demands . According to Irish cancer society(2000) , seven thousand deaths annually are attributed to smoking related diseases in Ireland, as a result healthcare professionals are tasked with motivating and assisting every smoker to quit were possible . I was working as a student nurse on a day care ward when this health promotion activity occurred. The patient, Charles(name changed to protect patient’s identity) was a 74 year old gentleman who resided with his 67 year old wife and sole carer Sharon. We will write a custom essay sample on Health promotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They lived in a densely populated council estate, which was known to be one of the towns more deprived areas. Their only source of income was their government pension. Charles has bad cough and his diagnosis was a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Charles had suffered from COPD for 6 years, a combined chronic lung disease which damages the airway passages, reducing the lungs’ capacity to inhale and exhale air (Haas Sperber 2000). According to Gibson (2003) the risk of developing COPD is significantly increased in active and passive smoking. Charles had a 30 year history of smoking and had been informed this was the probable cause of his COPD. He had previously refused smoking cessation advice, agreeing to give up in his own time, however since commencing long term oxygen therapy 10 months ago he confirmed that he had felt isolated and unable to give up. I studied Charles admission paperwork and his smoking history. I offered Charles the opportunity to speak with our smoking cessation team which is in line with service centre policy when identifying a patient smoker, however he was defensive and declined the offer again advising that he would quit in his own time. I began to build a good rapport with Charles, he apologised for his defensive response when I had offered him the services of the smoking cessation team. Using this as my cue I commented that he had abstained from smoking for two days and praised him for doing so. He agreed that it was not easy to smoke in service centre as his illness made it impossible for him to go outside. He confided that at home he rarely went out and found that smoking helped relieve the stress he felt under, he added that since he already had COPD he didn’t see the point in stopping now. I asked if he felt comfortable talking about the subject, he nodded his head so I continued to enquire about his previous attempts to stop, as he explained that his wife had continued to smoke. I asked if it would have been more successful if his wife had also stopped, but he had not wanted to ask this from her as this was ‘his disease’. He had also found the excessive sputum production difficult to manage when he had tried to stop. I explained that it often take several attempts to stop smoking, agreeing that cessation would not ‘cure’ his COPD. I explained that sputum production and cough are affected on cessation but this would eventually pass. Later that day I gave Charles some literature on smoking cessation to read in his own time. The literature detailed support services available, a diary to plan his journey, tips on managing triggers to smoking, coping with withdrawal symptoms and an explanation regarding systemic effects on the body during cessation. Both health and financial benefits were detailed depending on how much the individual smoked. Charles smiled and winked which reassured me that I had not upset him with my actions. The following day Charles expressed he would like to attempt smoking cessation again, I informed the nurse in charge, she knew of his smoking on his last admission and had offered the service which was declined. During the start I had felt uncomfortable when Charles adamantly declined advice. I gave consideration to his situation, he was removed from his usual surroundings, feeling unwell and being asked personal questions by a complete stranger, I concluded it would not be unusual for a resident to be negative in this situation. I was surprised that Charles had not given up when he was first diagnosed, but as an ex smoker I understood the difficulties one can encounter. Charles initially felt guilty about his inability to stop smoking, but was more able to communicate after a couple of days once a good relation had been established. Charles had low expectations and was originally resistant to change however Rollnick et al. (2001) suggest that this could be linked to past failed attempts. Once he had considered the benefits to his health, Charles felt reassured the support and advice given would help him and his wife. The episode of health promotion was positive, action was taken despite reservations in resident acceptance the service was offered. Carlebach (2009) suggest that a previous decline of cessation advice should not be a barrier to offering services again. Charles had refused help in the past despite his disease, the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2010) advise patients with COPD who continue to smoke should be encouraged to stop, furthermore smoking cessation decelerates the disease progression (WHO 2006). The use of good communication and rapport building skills built trust between resident and me in facilitating further smoking cessation discussion. Owens (2001) stated that nurses who invested in building a nurse patient relationship often picked up cues which could be crucial for their health and holistic care. The non judgemental approach and use of literature gave Charles the option to educate himself in smoking cessation, Rollnick et al. (2001) stated that patients prefer autonomy when making decisions, although there was a risk he would not read the information as I was asking him to examine a subject he had initially not wanted to discuss. However, empowering Charles to make his own choices had a desirable outcome in this case. Charles may have felt responsible for his disease. According to Sines et al. (2009) health promotion advice given when a patient is already suffering adds resistance to change, this may explain his defensive manner. By holistic assessment it was clear that social isolation had increased Charles desire to smoke, suggesting ways of resuming social activities demonstrated to Charles how his quality of life could be improved. A combination of health promotion approaches were being used in the centre. An educational approach gave the resident the information to discover health benefits for himself . Not all health promotion activities in centre are accepted by residents as they are sometimes being asked to change long term habits, from which they are already suffering the effects of. For this reason health education should start at an early age to encourage health enhancing behaviours. By process of reflection on this episode of health promotion I have learnt that reflection can take place during an event which can influence the outcome. Before this event I many times think that there is no need of health promotion activities. On reflection I can see how my involvement positively changed the outcome for the residents, leading me to appreciate the value a nurse’s role can add, this is a skill I will work on and incorporate into practice with future patients.

The Nun by Denis Diderot essays

The Nun by Denis Diderot essays The Nun was written by Denis Diderot, a Frenchman who was editor for the Encyclopedie and a key figure throughout the Enlightenment period. The Nun is a fictious collection of memoirs by Suzanne Simonin, a young French girl forced into becoming a nun by her parents, specifically her mother. Her memoirs detail the struggles she has with being pushed into the religious life, and the torture she goes through as she tries to escape a life of God. It is a wonderful book showing the struggles of a young woman as she tries to gain her freedom. Diderot not only shows his distaste for the Church Hierarchy, but also the notion of the institution being involved with religion, and human rights and freedoms being taken away from those involved with the church. Diderot shows that convents are not quite, what the public perceives them to be. He shows them as a monarchy led by a supreme ruler (mother superior) and if a nun does not obey, she will be subject to treatment similar to a prisoner of war. When I got back to my cell I felt terrible pains in my feet, I looked down and saw that they were covered in blood from cuts made by bits of glass they had spitefully thrown in my path (110). Suzanne, as much as she despises the ways of the convent, is in actuality a faithful Catholic. She prays often to God and carries out her duties in accordance with the rules of the convent. Suzanne's problems, and also Diderot's problem, is not with the Catholic religion at all, but rather with the hierarchy and the rigid laws created by people, which force others into roles they do want to be in. People perceive convents as places of worship full of saintly figures obeying Gods wishes; Diderot attacks these institutions though and portrays them as vicious p laces that force their will upon young nuns/monks. Although Sister Suzanne is a strong believer in Catholicism and very devoted to God, she is not someone that wants to live her life as a nun. ...

The Politics of Development Looks Different at the Grassroots than at Essay

The Politics of Development Looks Different at the Grassroots than at the National Level - Essay Example This paper highlights that in many developing countries like Malaysia and Vietnam, governments are ruled by a few elite members of society. Since these government officials do not truly represent the majority of the people, they tend to have narrower visions of development. In most cases, their visions of development do not really go past their own personal interests and the interest of the group where they belong to. For many politicians and government officials in both Vietnam and Malaysia, politics and governance is but a means to stay in power and protect their own interests. On the other hand, although there are also a number of people in the Vietnamese and the Malaysian governments that are for the development of the country as a whole, the efforts of these people are often misguided and do not really produce the desired impact into the lives of the people at the grassroots level. For instance, in Malaysia, the thrust of the government to unify the country resulted in the degra dation of culture and diversity among its people. This study outlines that international forces play a big role in the policies that the national governments formulate. In past years, the demand for integration and globalization forces the national governments of developing countries to rethink their priorities and come up with policies that will make their countries globally competitive. The idea that a country could not survive if it does not conform to the requirements of globalization sent the governments scrambling for national development frameworks that will user changes especially in the countryside.  

Invstmnt Climat in Uzbkistan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Invstmnt Climat in Uzbkistan - Assignment Example ThÐ µ transfÐ µr of cross-bordÐ µr invÐ µstmÐ µnts has bÐ µcomÐ µ a daily rÐ µality of today’s morÐ µ and morÐ µ globalizÐ µd world. In ordÐ µr to promotÐ µ intÐ µrnational invÐ µstmÐ µnt Ð µxchangÐ µ, thÐ µ statÐ µs insist on mutual facilitation of transfÐ µr of intÐ µrnational capital and arÐ µ trying to takÐ µ all advantagÐ µs connÐ µctÐ µd with thÐ µ inflow of forÐ µign invÐ µstmÐ µnts. For dÐ µvÐ µloping countriÐ µs, thÐ µ placÐ µmÐ µnt of forÐ µign invÐ µstmÐ µnt in thÐ µir tÐ µrritoriÐ µs doÐ µs not mÐ µan only acquiring financial capital, but also an opportunity to strÐ µngthÐ µn thÐ µ stagnating Ð µconomy, acquiring thÐ µ latÐ µst forÐ µign tÐ µchnologiÐ µs, dÐ µcrÐ µasing unÐ µmploymÐ µnt, as wÐ µll as raising thÐ µ qualification of thÐ µ laborÐ µrs and managÐ µrs Ð µmployÐ µd by forÐ µign companiÐ µs. ThÐ µ advantagÐ µs for forÐ µign invÐ µstors liÐ µ Ð µspÐ µcially in thÐ µ opportunity to us Ð µ chÐ µapÐ µr labor forcÐ µ in thÐ µ host statÐ µ, opportunity to Ð µntÐ µr nÐ µw markÐ µts and gÐ µtting an accÐ µss to natural rÐ µsourcÐ µs, which arÐ µ not availablÐ µ in their homÐ µ country. ThÐ µ forÐ µign invÐ µstors, howÐ µvÐ µr, do not fÐ µÃ µl comfortablÐ µ to invÐ µst in forÐ µign tÐ µrritory, unlÐ µss thÐ µy fÐ µÃ µl that thÐ µir invÐ µstmÐ µnt is sufficiÐ µntly protÐ µctÐ µd against non-commÐ µrcial risks. OnÐ µ of thÐ µ indispÐ µnsablÐ µ conditions for attracting forÐ µign invÐ µstmÐ µnts is, thÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, thÐ µ crÐ µation of favorablÐ µ lÐ µgal Ð µnvironmÐ µnt in thÐ µ host statÐ µ.In ordÐ µr to stimulatÐ µ intÐ µrnational invÐ µsting, thÐ µ statÐ µs arÐ µ usually concluding bilatÐ µral invÐ µstmÐ µnt trÐ µatiÐ µs, accÐ µssing to multilatÐ µral trÐ µatiÐ µs dÐ µaling with intÐ µrnational invÐ µstmÐ µnt protÐ µction and passing national lÐ µgislation aimÐ µd at protÐ µction and promo tion of forÐ µign invÐ µstmÐ µnts.... nformation about thÐ µ invÐ µstmÐ µnt lÐ µgislation of UzbÐ µkistan, its implÐ µmÐ µntation in practicÐ µ and to point out spÐ µcific problÐ µms thÐ µ forÐ µign invÐ µstors havÐ µ to dÐ µal with oncÐ µ placing thÐ µir invÐ µstmÐ µnt in this country. ThÐ µ paper will introducÐ µ somÐ µ basic facts concÐ µrning thÐ µ transfÐ µr of intÐ µrnational capital and thÐ µ main mÐ µans of intÐ µrnational invÐ µstmÐ µnt protÐ µction in addition to discussing thÐ µ currÐ µnt invÐ µstmÐ µnt lÐ µgislation and thÐ µ problÐ µms connÐ µctÐ µd with its application in practicÐ µ. LitÐ µraturÐ µ RÐ µviÐ µw InvÐ µstmÐ µnt Risks ThÐ µ transfÐ µr of cross-bordÐ µr invÐ µstmÐ µnts has bÐ µcomÐ µ a daily rÐ µality of today’s morÐ µ and morÐ µ globalizÐ µd world. In ordÐ µr to promotÐ µ intÐ µrnational invÐ µstmÐ µnt Ð µxchangÐ µ, thÐ µ statÐ µs insist on mutual facilitation of transfÐ µr of intÐ µrnational capital and arÐ µ trying t o takÐ µ all advantagÐ µs connÐ µctÐ µd with thÐ µ inflow of forÐ µign invÐ µstmÐ µnts. For dÐ µvÐ µloping countriÐ µs, thÐ µ placÐ µmÐ µnt of forÐ µign invÐ µstmÐ µnt in thÐ µir tÐ µrritoriÐ µs doÐ µs not mÐ µan only acquiring financial capital, but also an opportunity to strÐ µngthÐ µn thÐ µ stagnating Ð µconomy, acquiring thÐ µ latÐ µst forÐ µign tÐ µchnologiÐ µs, dÐ µcrÐ µasing unÐ µmploymÐ µnt, as wÐ µll as raising thÐ µ qualification of thÐ µ laborÐ µrs and managÐ µrs Ð µmployÐ µd by forÐ µign companiÐ µs. ThÐ µ advantagÐ µs for forÐ µign invÐ µstors liÐ µ Ð µspÐ µcially in thÐ µ opportunity to usÐ µ chÐ µapÐ µr labor forcÐ µ in thÐ µ host statÐ µ, opportunity to Ð µntÐ µr nÐ µw markÐ µts and gÐ µtting an accÐ µss to natural rÐ µsourcÐ µs, which arÐ µ not availablÐ µ in their homÐ µ country. ThÐ µ forÐ µign invÐ µstors, howÐ µvÐ µr, do not fÐ µÃ µl comfortablÐ µ to invÐ µst in forÐ µign tÐ µrritory , unlÐ µss thÐ µy fÐ µÃ µl that thÐ µir invÐ µstmÐ µnt is sufficiÐ µntly protÐ µctÐ µd against non-commÐ µrcial risks.

Human Resource Management in Construction Essay

Human Resource Management in Construction - Essay Example Training involves various methods and programs all with intentions of improving workers performance and also self-fulfilment. Due to current advancements, training applies to all kinds of employees from line workers to chief executive officer. Construction companies require a skilled workforce and thus encourage training to improve efficiency in their organizations. Developmental training programs involve broader skills that apply to a wider several situations. It will further increase the competence of the employees. According to the section, 42 of the Industrial Relations Act, 1990 stipulates for the formulation of draft Regulation of Practice by the Labour Relations Commission. The code of practice includes general guidelines on the application of grievance and disciplinary procedures. The law outlines principles of fair procedures between the employees and their employers. The procedures are necessary to ensure that claims are dealt with in relation the principles of natural justice and fairness. They are essential in maintaining discipline in the workplace by implementing disciplinary measures in a consistence manner that is fair to all people involved.2 The procedures have an advantage in that they allow for updating n reviewing periodically being consistent with changing circumstances and developments in the workplace and employment legislations. There are number of stages in handling discipline and grievance procedures. In the first instance, one needs to raise the issue with the immediate officer. If not solved the matter can progress to higher management following the agreed arrangements. According to Acas’ booklet â€Å"code of practice 1: Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures† (2009) Third party may be involved to aid in solving the issue. He may be either an internal or external mediator as long as he is not part of the disciplinary or grievance issue.3 Some cases will not be capable of being solved

Comparison of Oral Drug Administration Strategies

Comparison of Oral Drug Administration Strategies Abstract In this literature assignment the oral route of administration will be discussed and further studied. Particular formulations such as tablets (including chewable as well as buccal tablets), capsules, oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions which can be applied by using this selected route will be compared and any differences or/and similarities between those will be identified. Oral formulations are usually the most convenient for both children and adults and therefore should be the first choice for example pain management etc or generally when required. Speed of absorption (in the oral route it may be slow depending on the preparation and the stomach contents) and duration of effect (slower release compared to other routes for a prolonged effect) are also some of the factors under investigation in this study. According to the advantages and disadvantages of these different formulations it would be useful to identify which is the most preferable formulation by patients followed by specific examples/drugs which are administered orally. Introduction Different drugs require different routes of administration and therefore different dosage forms are produced in order the appropriate absorption to be achieved through the suitable form of the drug. Each substance is absorbed in a different way by the human body. Hence different administration routes are provided and recommended for each substance under which the dose of the drug will be absorbed, delivered and distributed more effectively. The two major classes where through the drug can enter the human body are enteral and parenteral routes. In the enteral route the drug passes directly into the Gastrointestinal tract. Enteral route includes sublingual (under the tongue), oral (swallowing) as well as absorption of the drug through the rectum. On the other hand parenteral routes involve intravascular (the drug is administered into the blood stream), intramuscular (skeletal muscle), subcutaneous (into subcutaneous tissues) and inhalation routes of administration (where the drug is absorbed through the lungs). Parenteral routes, Routes of Drug Administration, RL Copeland, PH.D., Department of Pharmacology Topical preparations include those that result to either mucosal membranes (such as eye drops, nasal) or skin (dermal and transdermal for local and systemic action respectively). The physical characteristics of the drug, its rate of absorption or/and release as well as the possibility of the need of high concentrations at particular sites are some basic key factors that determine the route of administration for each drug. It should be also mentioned that more than one route of administration can be advisable for the substance/drug depending on the patients condition. According to researches it has been proved that the oral route is the most popular route of administration between those that were referred above. This is due to its simplicity, convenience and safety provided. However, there are some disadvantages of the oral route of drug administration involving the long time the drug needs in order to show an effect as well as the interaction of drug substances with enzymes and/or secretions of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric emptying time as well as the alteration of pH levels into the gastrointestinal tract are factors to investigate in order to achieve maximum absorption of the drug through the oral route. Discussion Tablets Nowadays, one of the most common dosage forms produced by pharmaceutical industries and preferred by the majority of patients is undoubtedly tablets. The category of compressed tablets is the most popular dosage form in use. Tablets are used for either systemic drug delivery or for local drug action as well. They are more preferable than any other dosage form as they are taken orally by patients, which is a convenient and safe way of drug administration and are more stable compared to liquids (physical and chemical stability). Different types of tablets (regarding their shape, size and drug dose) require a different formulation in order to be produced as each category has different properties and alterations may be needed in the choice of excipients each time and in methods used. That means that every tablet is a different situation and as a result different steps should be followed. Tablets have enough advantages in comparison to other dosage forms. First of all they are easier to handle and the preparation procedure offers an accurate dosing of the drug. The possibility of mass production makes production of tablets cheaper and their chemical and physical stability is obviously better compared to liquid dosage forms. Tablets are also compliant with the majority of patients. Disadvantages of tablets are noticed when they are dispensed especially in the elderly and paediatrics where swallowing difficulties are observed. They also belong to the category of slow-acting dosage forms (first-pass effect). Finally their poor bioavailability in combination with the decrease in PH over the time complete the most important disadvantages and create points for improvement. The compressed tablet is the most popular, versatile but most technically difficult dosage form as well. According to European Pharmacopoeia (3rd edition, 1997) tablets are solid preparations each containing a single dose of one or more active ingredients and obtained by compressing uniform volumes of particles. Million tablets are dispensed on a daily basis in the pharmacies all over the UK. Hence pharmacists should be completely aware of how they are made and the steps that follow during the production stage before they reach in the dispensary area of pharmacies. First of all, tablets are called pills by the majority of people. However this name is technically incorrect as tablets are made by compression whereas pills are an ancient solid dose forms prepared by hand into spherical particles about 4 to 6mm in diameter. As it was said above, tablets are made by a process of compression and that is their basic difference compared to pills. There are two main types of press in tablet production: the single -punch press (or eccentric press) and the rotary press (or multistation press). There is one more type, called hydraulic press (used more in research and development work) which requires a more specialized equipment. The first very important factor for investigation in tablet formulation is compressibility. Because the majority of drugs do not have very good compression properties on their own usually require the addition of excipients. Low dose tablets (dose less than 50mg) are used to be prepared by direct compression whereas high dose ones (dose more than 50mg) by using wet granulation technique. Compression properties could be understood better by studying the behaviour of elastic, plastic or fragmenting tablets under compression. Good flow (or alternatively flowability) is the next attribute for investigation. In order to succeed that, tablets require the addition of different excipients (and not only the active drug) such as lubricants, glidants, binders, disintegrants, antiadherents etc. Depending on the drug and the dose of the tablet each time (preparation of low or high dose tablets), different excipients are used. Excipients however, can affect powders properties; hence pharmaceutical industries need to study very well them and their properties in order to avoid any possible errors during the tableting process. 325mg aspirin tablets, by Ragesoss, E. Johnson, 2010 Tablets can be controlled by weight. The whole tablets weight combines the weight of the active drug (drug dose) and the weight of the excipients added after it. Tableting process relies on consistent volumetric filling of the die space set by the bottom punch. Uniformity of tablets can be tested in two ways; weight variation or content uniformity test. Weight variation test occurs for high dose tablets (dose > 50mg) that are uncoated and contain at least 50 % of the active ingredient (drug). On the other hand, content uniformity test is used for coated tablets which contain again the same percentage (at least 50%) of the single active ingredient. In tablet manufacturing, tablets are prepared by powder compression. By that way particles are placed very close to each other and finally a defined size and shape is given. During compression procedure a die and two punches (upper and lower) are used. First of all die is a tool that is used by pharmaceutical industries for cutting or shaping materials by using press. On the other hand, punch is used to describe a hard metal rod which has two different ends; a shaped tip and a blunt butt. The compressive force is applied by the upper punch while the lower one moves at the same time up and down within the tip. The image below describes the whole process from the time that the powder is moved to the die till the tablet is formed. The sequent of events involved in the formation of tablets. Pharmaceutics The science of dosage form design, edited by M.E, Aulton Second edition Coming back to flowability, good flow depends on both active ingredients and the excipients added in the powder mix. The good flow of a powder mix can be ensured by measuring the angle of repose or consolidation index. If flow properties are not very good, then lubricants and glidants are the most appropriate excipients for the improvement of the flow. It should also be noted that only glidants are able to improve a powders flow. Lubricants just decrease the extinction of friction and by that way the flow becomes better. More especially, by the addition of a lubricant the coefficient of friction between the die wall and the tablet during ejection is reduced and by that way the powder has a better flowability. Magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant especially for tablets and functions as an antiadherent. That means that by its addition, it prevents ingredients from picking and sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets. It is also hydrophobic and reduces the compressibility of many formulations. On the other hand, glidants are added mainly to the dry powders to improve flowability. In general the addition of a glidant or lubricant or both of them can affect the excipients/powders flowability and bulk density. These additions can have great results and turn powders with a very poor flow to powders with a good flow. Apart from lubricants and glidants, formulation of tablets requires the use of other excipients as well. The filler for example which acts as a bulking agent, is used in order to increase the bulk volume of the powder and hence the size of the tablet when the dose of the active ingredient is too low (low dose of a potent drug requires the incorporation of a substance). An ideal filler has to be chemically inert, biocompatible, non-hygroscopic, soluble, compactible, quite tasty and not of very high cost. The filler used most widely is lactose as its properties look enough like the ideal fillers one. The addition of a disintegrant also ensures that the tablet when will be in contact with liquid will break up into small fragments. This promotes quick drug dissolution. During disintegration, the liquid comes in contact with the solid and penetrates the pores of the tablet. Afterwards the tablet breaks slowly into smaller fragments. Two categories of disintegrants exist: those that facilitate water uptake (e.g. surfactants) and that rapture the tablet (e.g. starch). Sticking or picking properties of tablets depend on the addition of antiadherents. Antiadherents reduce adhesion between the powder and the punch faces. Lots of lubricants can be used as antiadherents. Talc or starch have also similar properties. Magnesium stearate which is the most commonly used lubricant (especially for tablets) functions as an antiadherent as well. That means that by its addition, it prevents ingredients from picking and sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets. It is also hydrophobic and reduces the compressibility of many formulations. Pharmaceutical industries can involve flavouring agents and colourants during tableting procedure too. First of all, a flavouring agent by its addition either gives a more pleasant taste in the tablet or mask an unpleasant one. Flavouring agents cannot be added prior to an operation involving heat as they are usually thermolabile. Usual flavouring agents are essential oils such as anise and cardamom, vanilla or peppermint. Colourant is the last excipient could be added during wet massing method in order to produce high dose tablets. General knowledge of colourants involve tablets identification and patients compliance. Even if colouring procedure finishes during coating stage, the colourant chosen could be added prior to compaction as well. Opacifiers like Titanium oxide and Inorganic materials like Iron oxide are characteristic colourant examples. The choice of the appropriate excipients depends on the type of the tablet as different excipients give different properties. So chewable tablets are not designed to disintegrate since mechanical action is supplied by the patient. Hence there is no need for disintegrants to be contained in to the relevant formulation. Although the drug is immediately released in the mouth, it is swallowed and absorbed from the stomach. Colouring and flavouring is also needed especially in the presence of antacids. Effervescent tablets are dissolved in a glass of water before administration. Plenty of analgesics use this specific type and during this process disinitegration and dissolution are facilitated due to carbon dioxide liberation. Effervescent tablets have a rapid bioavailability and cause less stomach irritation. However extra protection from moisture is required in packaging. Finally extended release tablets have been designed in order to release the drug dose over 12-24 hours until the drug to result to Gastrointestinal tract. They are classified according to the mechanism of drug release (e.g. erosion, dissolution, diffusion etc). Capsules The second most common dosage form administered via the oral route are capsules. Capsules which are solid dosage forms are distinguished into two categories; hard gelatine capsules and soft gels. Soft gelatine shells are consisted of less gelatine compared to hard gelatine ones (43%), 37% of glycerine and 20% of water. On the other hand, in hard gelatine shells no glycerine is added and larger amount of gelatine is obviously used. Although both capsule types are widely used, soft gels have some more advantages due to the accuracy and precision of dose that they offer, the accuracy of fill volume as well as the fact that they are preferred for high dose poorly compressible drugs. Generally speaking both capsule types are from the dosage forms that can be massively produced in a manufacturing scale and achieve appropriate dose in combination with the preferable size, shape and colour. Hard gelatin capsules Soft gelatin capsules Capsules are more stable than liquid dosage forms and as it was mentioned above they contribute to accurate dosing. Such as with tablets, they are quite easy to administer and any unpleasant tastes can be easily masked. Capsules release properties can be managed and further studied and it is also possible light resistant capsules to be produced. Patients compliance is another important issue too. The basic disadvantages are pretty much the same with those of tablets. Capsules as tablets are not indicated for people with swallowing difficulties including the elderly and children. They are also unsuitable for very small children and the use of animal gelatine in their formulation process might be an important religious issue. The aim of developing a capsule formulation is first of all to prepare a capsule with accurate dosage, good bioavailability, stability, elegance and facility in the production stage. In capsule formulation is very important the mixture that will be added into the capsules to have been blended very well and being 100% homogenous. Disintegrants are usually included in capsule formulation in order to help capsules contents to be distributed in the stomach. Aqueous solutions cannot be filled in hard gelatin capsules because water softens the gelatin and destroys the capsules. However, there are some exceptions of a few aqueous solutions (included oils) that can be added in hard gelatin capsules. In general, capsules are consisted of two main parts: the body and the cap. Almost all of the pharmaceutical companies that produce hard gelatin capsules use gelatine produced by ingrained bovine spongiform encephalopathy. This material is a good film former, soluble in water and is able to fluid in GI at normal body temperature without to release any of the ingredients of the capsule. Capsules are available in a variety of sizes and the appropriate size is chosen each time according the fill volume of the ingredients. Capsule sizes In hard gelatine capsules and generally in capsules, there is one extra step compared to tablets; that is the dissolution of the capsule shell. When the capsule will pass through the GI and will be placed in a dissolution medium at approximately 37ÃŽÂ ¿C, the gelatin will start gradually to dissolve. So, firstly the cap and afterwards the body will start to melt, and as a result the dissolution medium will penetrate into the capsule ingredients. Oral Solutions Solutions are from the oldest dosage forms used in pharmaceutical formulations. Their strongest advantage is based on the fast and high absorption of soluble medicinal products. Being from the simplest formulations to prepare concerning both time and cost, solutions are still one of the leading dosage forms due to their application in patients with swallowing difficulties and their easy administration. For example they are administered in geriatrics, in paediatrics as well as in patients in intensive care or patients suffering from psychiatric problems. Solutions are divided in oral solutions (elixirs, linctuses, syrups, mixtures, draughts, spirits and paediatric drops), in external solutions (lotions, liniments, external applications and collodions), in gargles and mouthwashes as well as in enemas and douches. Care pholcodine oral solution BP Focusing on the oral solutions, they contain a liquid which is characterized by its homogeneity and in which one or more active ingredients have been dissolved. Contrary to suspensions, in solutions there is no need for shaking before use. Most times, water is the preferred vehicle due to its multiple properties. Solutions offer immediate absorption of the drug and the drug dose can be also shaped regarding the patients needs. On the other hand, the drug stability is importantly affected in solutions and unpleasant tastes cannot be so easily masked as in other dosage forms (for example in tablets). As with suspensions, solutions do not offer a convenient transport due to possible container breakages. Other disadvantages involve the use of a measuring device in order to administer the appropriate dose to the patient which further requires a relevant technical accuracy. Finally, the fact that some of the drugs are poorly soluble enables the creation of a vehicle which usually consists of water and a variety of other solvents in order the chosen drug to be dissolved. Solubility which is an important factor to investigate in solutions, is directly connected to particle size, stirring, viscosity and temperature. Physical and chemical stability are other factors that need to be taken in consideration while dealing with the formulation of this specific dosage form. Oral Suspensions Generally speaking suspensions cover a wide range of pharmaceutical products involving enemas, ear drops, inhalations etc. Focusing on the suspensions administered via the oral route (mixtures for oral use) at least one of the active ingredients is suspended in a vehicle. According to the British Pharmacopoeia oral suspensions are oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle. Suspended solids may slowly separate on standing but are easily redispersed. Suspensions are an alternative way of drug administration which would not be so convenient for use if taken in other dosage forms (e.g. tablet). They are preferred from patients who experience swallowing difficulties and they are indicated for paediatric or/and geriatric use. Paracetamol oral suspension Some of the advantages of suspensions over other pharmaceutical formulations involve the palatability and stability that can be achieved using insoluble drugs. As it was mentioned above it is easier to swallow suspended insoluble powders and the absorption stage will be really faster that any other solid dosage forms which require dissolution before absorption. On the other hand, shaking is necessary before use and most times the dose is not as accurate as in equivalent solution. The disperse system can be also affected depending on the storage conditions. Finally it is not so easy to transport suspensions and extra caution is needed due to possible container breakages in this specific dosage form. Suspensions are further categorized into diffusible and indiffusible ones. Diffusible suspensions use light insoluble (or very slightly soluble) powders which during shaking require longer time to disperse uniformly (compared to indiffusible suspensions) in order to be made up to an accurate dose. Light Kaolin BP and Magnesium Trisilicate BP are some common diffusible powders which are completely insoluble in the water. Calamine BP and Zinc oxide BP are some of the commonly used indiffusible powders (heavy powders which are not soluble in the vehicle). One of the basic differences between these two categories is that in indiffusible suspensions a suspending agent is added for facilitating the vehicle to be thickened. Oral Emulsions British Pharmacopoeia states that oral emulsions are oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients. They are stabilised oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain dissolved solids. Solids may also be suspended in oral emulsions. When issued for use, oral emulsions should be supplied in wide-mouthed bottles. Q-LAX Oral emulsion Generally speaking the term emulsion is connected to applications with external use, lotions and creams. However pharmaceutically it is used for preparations that are used to be administered via the oral route. Emulsions are dispersions of oil in water or the opposite. Tiny droplets indicate the dispersed phase. Therefore the use of an emulsifying agent is necessary in order to assure that the oil phase is normally dispersed in the presence of water. Oral emulsions are usually oil-in-water whereas those that are intended for external use are usually water-in-oil respectively. As in suspensions, the artificial palatability of unpalatable drugs in emulsions is a strong advantage. It is also quite easy to flavour the aqueous phase and the sensation or/and the taste of the oil is something that can be easily removed. This dosage form has an increased rate of absorption and can combine even two incompatible ingredients (one in oily and another one in the aqueous phase). Passing to the disadvantages, some similarities can be identified between emulsions and solutions. The first one is the use of a measuring device in order to administer the appropriate dose to the patient which requires a relevant technical accuracy. Stability can be affected depending on the storage conditions and as in suspensions (but not in solutions), a good shake of the preparation is required before administration. As it was mentioned twice above, emulsions, suspensions and solutions do not offer a convenient transport due to possible container breakages. Finally in emulsions cracking can be caused due to the microbial contamination of the preparation. Although emulsions are a very helpful and useful dosage form in pharmaceutics, they are widely used more in external preparations than in internal ones (via the oral route). Conclusion Different drugs are administered via different routes of administration. Criteria such as either the speed or the efficiency with which the drugs act are decisive in order to choose the most appropriate route of administration and consequently the dosage form. More specifically, in terms of the oral route of drug administration different dosage forms were analyzed, discussed and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. Of course it is pointless to say that one of these dosage forms which are taken orally (tablets, capsules, oral suspensions, solutions and emulsions) is the best as each one covers specific aspects and purposes and is used under different circumstances. Tablets is the most commonly used dosage form with a very interesting as well as complicated manufacturing background. They are available in different types (e.g. immediate, modified release etc) and they are most preferable by patients. Capsules is another solid dosage form which is also preferred by patients. Tablets and capsules as solid preparations share common advantages. However patients compliance is their strongest one. When tablets or capsules cannot be swallowed then the use of other oral dosage forms such as solutions, suspensions or emulsions is necessary. Swallowing difficulties can be found especially in the elderly, in children or in patients in intensive care or with psychiatric support. Solutions and suspensions are used more widely than emulsions intended for internal use (via the oral route). Basic differences between those focus on palatability and stability of the preparation. To summarise it needs to be mentioned that it is not up to the formulator to decide the route of administration of each drug. This is solely determined by the physical characteristics of the drug itself, absorption and release factors.

The Subtle Truth of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Es

The Subtle Truth of Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of a woman in Victorian England was an unenviable one. Social demands and personal desires were often at cross-purposes. This predicament was nothing new in the 19th century, yet it was this period that would see the waters begin to stir in anticipation of the cascading changes about to shake the very foundation of an empire on the brink of global colonization and industrialization. The question of what role women would play in this transformation came to the forefront.    Charlotte Brontà «'s female bildungsroman, Jane Eyre, attempts to spotlight many of the issues of the "woman question" facing this period and to draw a balance between a woman's social role and her need for personal freedom. Simply stated, Jane Eyre's childhood and her transition into adulthood are characterized by two competing needs: the one to love and be loved, and the other to be somebody in her own right, a woman of achievement and integrity, with an outlet in the world for her passions and her energies.    We are frequently reminded that Jane is a passionate woman-an often dangerous quality for the Victorian female-and through her passion, Brontà « delivers to us a message which, if it came by means of a sober treatise calling for a reversal of the status quo, would frighten us with its indignation, but appears softened with the venting frustration of a misfortunate orphan trying to find her station in life. The message, however, is clear to all who choose to acknowledge the truth delivered in its passion:    It is in vain to say human beings ought to be satisfied with tranquility: they must have action; and they will make it if they cannot find it ... Women are supposed to be very calm g... ... novels, that is happily, and yet the reader seems to take away something more than just a warm feeling of romance: there is a sense of justice in Jane Eyre. We are drawn back to Jane's insistent plea: "women feel just as men feel: they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts, as much as their brothers do...."    Charlotte Brontà « engaged various facets of what came to be known as the "woman question" in Victorian England, but the longevity of Jane Eyre's appeal rests in its subtle truth and justice that "it is thoughtless to condemn [women] if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex" (114).    Works Cited Brontà «, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. Gilbert, Sandra A and Susan Guber. The Madwoman In The Attic. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.   

Environment Issues Essay

The case â€Å"Environment Issues† presents how environmental issues have shifted from the margins to obtaining central place on the international agenda. In particular, John Vogler touches the issues of climate change, sustainable development, environment degradation, and the importance of international cooperation. Contemporary world is experiencing environment degradation because of continuing environment pollution and global clime changes. Global warming is the major concern of researchers. Moreover, new forms of transnational pollution appear as, for example, acid rains. Such problems, as global climate change and thinning of the ozone layers, are truly global in scale. The author stresses that in the late 19th century environment politics was strictly limited, but since 1960s the issues has gained international concern meaning that environmental problems have acquired transnational and global dimension. The process of environmental protection was stimulated by three UN conferences of 1972, 1992 and 2002 that stressed the importance of international cooperation in fighting global environmental challenges. The key function of international cooperation is argued to regulate transnational environment problems and to sustain global commons. In other words, international cooperation doesn’t simply established governance regimes; moreover, it embraces agreements between states concerning the major environment issues. Nonetheless, international cooperation often neglects the pursuit of power and status in their discussion, although international meetings often reflect struggles for national and international advantage. It means that many organizations are seeking ways to maintain their financial and staff resources and to ensure better place within UN system. The problem is that international cooperation meetings may become just a way to issue declarations aimed at persuading the government and people that something is being done. However, the reality is that environmental conditions are deteriorating and it seems that nothing is done to fight climate change and to decrease air and water pollution. Transboundary trade is related to pollution control. Thus, the long-term function of international cooperation is to regulate transnational environment problems as animals, water and pollution are crossing frontiers. Joint efforts are promoted by multilateral and regional agreements as it gives an opportunity to manage resources and to control water and air pollution. The most important functions of the state are taxing and promoting trade. Thus, imposing restrictions on international trade may be used as one of instrument of nature conservation. Relations between international trade and environmental deterioration are broader than they are presented in researches. For example, green activists claim that international trade damages environment, destroys agriculture and encourages environmentally damaging transportation of goods. International cooperation is needed for developing environmental norms and for assisting participation of developing countries. The role of international cooperation is crucial to contemporary world as it provides governance regimes and regulations for the global commons. Further, the author underlines the problem of global climate change, especially the challenge of global warming and ozone layer problem. Scientists have been long debating over the problems of ozone layer thinning and greenhouse effect, but only in the end of the 20th century international consensus started to monitor the issue. Scientists have failed to come to an agreement whether human-induced changes in mean temperatures have led to global climate changes. Vogler says that greenhouse effect negatively affect the life on the Earth because greenhouse gases are insulating the surface by trapping solar radiation. Industrial revolution has negatively affected environmental. See, before industrial revolution the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was not more than 280 parts per million, whereas the concentration has significantly grown because of burning of fossil fuels. One more negative consequence is that methane emissions have grown exponentially with the growth of agriculture. Vogler stresses â€Å"if nothing is done to curb intensive fossil fuel emissions, there will be a likely rise in mean temperatures of the order of 2. 4-6. 4 grad C by 2099†. (p. 361) Turbulent weather conditions and seal level rise are expected. The results of climate change are presented as following: melting glaciers, increasing flood risks, reducing water suppliers, declining annual crop yields, rising sea levels, increasing vulnerability of ecosystems, etc. It is argued that the warmer the world gets the faster the climate changes as higher temperatures are associated with increases chances of triggering abrupt and large-scale changes. Climate catastrophe can be avoided in case the temperature increase is held below 2 grades. Moreover, concentration of carbon dioxide should be kept below 550 ppm. Scientific community fears that the 21st century will be marked by unusual weather patterns, melting of polar ice sheets and stormy events. If not managed, climate change will cause threatening changes in living conditions and will challenge patterns of energy use and its security. Kyoto protocol appeared to be the first step on the long road to preventing further climate change. Kyoto protocol bound most of developed and developing countries to set emission cuts, although some scientists argue that Kyoto protocol is not wholly adequate in terms of global warming problem. The USA refused to sign the Kyoto protocol and scientists argue it is impossible to proceed without the USA as the country produces more than 25% of carbon dioxide emissions. The Kyoto target may be achieved by 2012, and even this figure remains uncertain. Climate change is characterized by all-embracing nature and is claimed to be rooted in essential human activities. Climate change challenges international environment cooperation. Vogler admits that environmental scientists are interested in identifying conditions under which international environmental cooperation has emerged as a response of environmental challenges. Of course, the scientists’ arguments differ in their attitudes towards international environmental regime, shared scientific knowledge and impact of non-government actors. Scientists relate environmental changes to armed conflict stressing that traditional thinking about environmental security should be defined in terms of attacks upon the state. Vogler concludes that climate change, especially global warming and greenhouse effect, remains the most painful problem of the 21st century. The rise of environmental issues is associated with globalization, resource depletion, increased consumption levels, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Globalization has contributed developing transnational green policies and intervention programs. International environment tries to respond to climate changes by establishing global environmental governance through international environmental cooperation. Environmental Issues: Opinion I think that environmental issues raised in the paper are very important to contemporary world as environmental conditions are still deteriorating and it seems that nothing is actually done to regulate global warming, greenhouse effect and sea level rise. When reviewing the issues, Vogler is persuasive and valid as all the arguments are supported with real-life examples, in-depth economic analysis and Vogler cites viewpoints of respectable researchers. Thus, I can say I agree with most of author’s ideas as the problem of global warming and greenhouse effect is shaking the world. Poverty rates are increasing, income in developing and undeveloped countries is decreasing. The situation can be hardly called promising. We see the author combines theoretical research with practical application offering recommendations and strategies to respond to environmental challenges. Vogler is very persuasive in defending position that international environmental cooperation is the only possible way to develop solutions to increased poverty, global warming, greenhouse gases emissions, unusual weather patters and stormy events. I agree with the author that international cooperation will positively affect society and will show that something is being done to improve the situation. Even the slightest changes in the world’s temperatures will result in dangerous and abrupt changes in world’s well-being and well-being of every human. Thus, the problem of climate change should be not simply talked about; it should be properly responded and addressed. I think that Vogler’s tendency towards international cooperation is the only effective way to fight global crisis. As far as the crisis is transnational, only global measures should be undertaken to address them. As far as climate change is international, it requires international collective action to make measures driving and effective. In my opinion, climate change management should consider long time horizons, economic risks and uncertainties, possibilities of non-marginal changes, etc. Nowadays it is necessary to consider physical effects of climate change on environment, economics and human health. Different technologies should aim at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Economic models should be involved to estimate economic effects of climate change and global warming, as well as to assess efficiency of low-carbon economics. Moreover, global warming results in sudden shifts in weather patterns and may lead to consequences which affect water availability and flooding threatening millions of people in tropical and subtropical regions. Fighting climate change is an urgent challenge calling for building collective action. It includes shared understanding and requires promoting leadership and trusting with others in collective work. Clear perspective is needed to stabilize and to stop concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Even collective action will hardly be sufficient to meet the desired goals and objectives. Summing up, collective action is needed to reduce negative effects of climate change. Possible steps are cooperation between countries, shared goals and objectives, cooperation between private and public sectors, etc.

War of 1812 Causes

War of 1812 Causes The War of 1812 is generally thought to have been provoked by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the Britains Royal Navy. And while impressment was a major factor behind the declaration of war by the United States against Britain, there were other significant issues fueling the American march toward war. During the first three decades of American independence there was a general feeling that the British government had very little respect for the young United States. And during the Napoleonic Wars the British government actively sought to meddle with - or completely suppress - American trade with European nations. British arrogance and hostility went so far as to include a deadly attack by the British frigate HMS Leopard upon USS Chesapeake in 1807. The Chesapeake and Leopard affair, which began when the British officer boarded the American ship demanding to seize sailors believed to be deserters from British ships, nearly triggered a war. In late 1807, President Thomas Jefferson, seeking to avoid war while calming public outcry against British insults to American sovereignty, had enacted the Embargo Act of 1807. The law succeeded in avoiding a war with Britain at the time. However, the Embargo Act was generally seen as a failed policy, as turned out to be more harmful to the United States than to its intended targets, Britain and France. When James Madison became president in early 1809 he also sought to avoid war with Britain. But British actions, and a continuing drumbeat for war in the U.S. Congress, seemed destined to make make a new war with Britain unavoidable. The slogan Free Trade and Sailors Rights became a rallying cry. Madison, Congress, and the Move Toward War In early June 1812 President James Madison sent a message to Congress in which he listed complaints about British behavior toward America. Madison raised several issues: ImpressmentContinual harassment of American commerce by British warshipsBritish laws, known as Orders in Council, declaring blockades against American ships bound for European portsAttacks by savages on one of our extensive frontiers believed to be instigated by British troops in Canada The U.S. Congress was being steered at the time by an aggressive faction of young legislators in the House of Representatives known as the War Hawks. Henry Clay, a leader of the War Hawks, was a young member of Congress from Kentucky. Representing the views of Americans living in the West, Clay believed that war with Britain would not only restore American prestige, it would also provide a great benefit in territory. An openly stated goal of the western War Hawks was for the United States to invade and seize Canada. And there was a common, though deeply misguided, belief that it would be easy to achieve. (Once the war began, American actions along the Canadian border tended to be frustrating at best, and Americans never came close to conquering the British territory.) The War of 1812 has often been called Americas Second War for Independence, and that title is appropriate. The young United States government was determined to make Britain respect it. The United States Declared War In June 1812 Following the message sent by President Madison, the United States Senate and the House of Representatives held votes on whether to go to war. The vote in the House of Representatives was held on June 4, 1812, and members voted 79 to 49 to go to war. In the House vote, the members of Congress supporting the war tended to be from the South and West, and those opposed from the Northeast. The U.S. Senate, on June 17, 1812, voted 19 to 13 to go to war. In the Senate the vote also tended to be along regional lines, with most of the votes against the war coming from the Northeast. With so many members of Congress voting against going to war, the War of 1812 was always controversial. The official Declaration of War was signed by President James Madison on June 18, 1812. It read as follows: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That war be and is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof, and the United States of America and their territories; and the President of the United States is hereby authorized to use the whole land and naval force of the United States, to carry the same into effect, and to issue private armed vessels of the United States commissions or letters of marque and general reprisal, in such form as he shall think proper, and under the seal of the United States, against the vessels, goods, and effects of the government of the said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the subjects thereof. American Preparations While the war not declared until late June 1812, the United States government had been actively making preparations for the outbreak of war. In early 1812 the Congress had passed a law actively calling for volunteers for the U.S. Army, which had remained fairly small in the years following independence. American forces under the command of General William Hull had started marching from Ohio toward Fort Detroit (site of present day Detroit, Michigan) in late May 1812. The plan was for Hulls forces to invade Canada, and the proposed invasion force was already in position by the time war was declared. (The invasion proved to be a disaster, however, when Hull surrendered Fort Detroit to the British that summer.) American naval forces had also been prepared for the outbreak of war. And given the slowness of communication, some American ships in the early summer of 1812 attacked British ships whose commanders had not yet learned of the official outbreak of the war. Widespread Opposition to the War The fact that the war was not universally popular proved to be a problem, especially when the early phases of the war, such as the military fiasco at Fort Detroit, went badly. Even before the fighting began, opposition to the war caused major problems. In Baltimore a riot broke out when a vocal anti-war faction was attacked. In other cities speeches against the war were popular. A young lawyer in New England, Daniel Webster, delivered an eloquent address about the war on July 4, 1812. Webster noted that he opposed the war, but as it was now national policy, he was obligated to support it. Though patriotism often ran high, and was boosted by some of the successes of the underdog U.S. Navy, the general feeling in some parts of the country, particularly New England, was that the war had been a bad idea. As it became obvious that the war would be costly and may prove to be impossible to win militarily, the desire to find a peaceful end to the conflict intensified. American officials were eventually dispatched to Europe to work toward a negotiated settlement, the result of which was the Treaty of Ghent. When the war officially ended with the signing of the treaty, there was no clear winner. And, on paper, both sides admitted that things would return to how they had been before hostilities began. However, in a realistic sense, the United States had proven itself to be an independent nation capable of defending itself. And Britain, perhaps from having noticed that the American forces seemed to become stronger as the war went on, made no further attempts to undermine American sovereignty. And one result of the war, which was noted by Albert Gallatin, the secretary of the treasury, was that the controversy around it, and the way the nation came together, had essentially united the nation.